{"id":4529,"date":"2024-08-29T14:24:21","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T13:24:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pkfbofidi.com\/de-europe-ai-act-een-juridisch-kader-voor-gebruik-van-artificiele-intelligentie-systemen\/"},"modified":"2025-02-04T11:07:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T10:07:42","slug":"lai-act-un-reglement-europeen-visant-a-encadrer-lutilisation-de-lintelligence-artificielle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pkfbofidi.com\/fr\/lai-act-un-reglement-europeen-visant-a-encadrer-lutilisation-de-lintelligence-artificielle\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019AI Act \u2013 un R\u00e8glement europ\u00e9en visant \u00e0 encadrer l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019intelligence artificielle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ces derniers temps, l\u2019intelligence artificielle (ou \u00ab IA \u00bb) fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un d\u00e9bat particuli\u00e8rement anim\u00e9. L\u2019utilisation de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA (tels que le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre Chat GPT) s\u2019est r\u00e9pandue en peu de temps et ses possibilit\u00e9s semblent infinies. Toutefois, ces syst\u00e8mes comportent \u00e9galement des risques non n\u00e9gligeables (par exemple en mati\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9thique et de respect de la vie priv\u00e9e).<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne a donc d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er un cadre l\u00e9gislatif pour l\u2019utilisation des \u00ab syst\u00e8mes IA \u00bb. Le 1er ao\u00fbt 2024, la loi sur l\u2019intelligence artificielle (nomm\u00e9e ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab AI Act \u00bb) est officiellement entr\u00e9e en vigueur. Cette loi sur l\u2019IA est un \u00ab R\u00e8glement \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire une l\u00e9gislation europ\u00e9enne directement applicable dans l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n<h2>Que faut-il entendre par syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA ?<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019AI Act utilise une d\u00e9finition tr\u00e8s large des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA. Il concerne tous les syst\u00e8mes qui sont<br \/>\n<em>\u00ab bas\u00e9s sur des machines \u00bb<\/em> et qui peuvent donc utiliser les donn\u00e9es pour apprendre et s\u2019adapter \u00e0 de nouvelles informations. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un tr\u00e8s grand nombre de technologies, allant d\u2019algorithmes simples \u00e0 des <em>mod\u00e8les d\u2019apprentissage automatique<\/em> tr\u00e8s complexes.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019AI Act classe les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA en diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories, en fonction de leur niveau de risque :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Syst\u00e8mes pr\u00e9sentant un \u00ab risque inacceptable \u00bb<\/strong> : il s\u2019agit de syst\u00e8mes qui, par exemple, \u00e9valuent les personnes sur la base de leur comportement social ou de leurs \u00e9motions (ce que l\u2019on appelle \u00ab coring social \u00bb ). Le l\u00e9gislateur europ\u00e9en estime que ces syst\u00e8mes constituent une violation flagrante des droits fondamentaux des citoyens et a donc d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de les interdire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 \u00ab risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00bb<\/strong> : Cette cat\u00e9gorie comprend les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA utilis\u00e9s dans certains secteurs critiques (infrastructures critiques, \u00e9ducation, ressources humaines, finances,\u2026). Cette cat\u00e9gorie de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA sont autoris\u00e9s, mais soumis \u00e0 des r\u00e8gles strictes.<\/li>\n<li>Les syst\u00e8mes <strong>\u00ab General Purpose AI \u00bb<\/strong> (ou \u00ab GPAI \u00bb). Il s\u2019agit de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA qui sont appliqu\u00e9s dans diff\u00e9rents secteurs. En raison de leurs applications g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et de leur nombre, ce type de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA est \u00e9galement r\u00e9glement\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Enfin, il existe des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA \u00e0 <strong>\u00ab risques limit\u00e9s \u00bb<\/strong>. Cette cat\u00e9gorie comprend les chatbots ou assistants personnels d\u00e9sormais bien connus. Pour utiliser ces syst\u00e8mes, il doit \u00eatre clair que l\u2019utilisateur est en train de converser avec une machine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cette classification permet de commencer \u00e0 d\u00e9finir les r\u00e8gles pour chaque type de syst\u00e8me d\u2019IA en fonction du risque.<\/p>\n<h2>Champ d\u2019application ?<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019 AI Act s\u2019applique :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aux fournisseurs de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA au sein de l\u2019UE (que le fournisseur soit lui-m\u00eame bas\u00e9 dans l\u2019UE ou en dehors).<\/li>\n<li>Aux utilisateurs de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA au sein de l\u2019UE.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Comme pour le RGPD, le r\u00e9gulateur europ\u00e9en vise les entreprises bas\u00e9es en dehors de l\u2019UE, mais qui souhaitent commercialiser leurs syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA sur le march\u00e9 de l\u2019UE.<\/p>\n<h2>Entr\u00e9e en vigueur ?<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur de l\u2019AI Act est progressive. Voici quelques dates cl\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c0 partir du <strong>2 f\u00e9vrier 2025<\/strong>, les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA pr\u00e9sentant un risque inacceptable seront interdits dans l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c0 partir du <strong>2 ao\u00fbt 2025<\/strong> (soit 12 mois apr\u00e8s l\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur de l\u2019AI Act ), les r\u00e8gles relatives \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation des syst\u00e8mes GPAI entreront en vigueur.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c0 partir du <strong>2 ao\u00fbt 2027<\/strong> (36 mois apr\u00e8s l\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur de l\u2019AI Act), les obligations relatives aux syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA \u00ab \u00e0 haut risque \u00bb entreront \u00e9galement en vigueur de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9finitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019objectif de l\u2019AI Act est de permettre \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation d\u2019\u00e9voluer en m\u00eame temps que la technologie. Des mises \u00e0 jour et des ajustements seront donc n\u00e9cessaires.<\/p>\n<h2>Applicabilit\u00e9 ?<\/h2>\n<p>Avec l\u2019AI Act, l\u2019UE esp\u00e8re cr\u00e9er la m\u00eame norme minimale pour l\u2019utilisation des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA que celle qu\u2019elle a faite pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment concernant la protection de la vie priv\u00e9e (avec le fameux \u00ab RGPD \u00bb).<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019intention est donc \u2013 comme pour le RGPD \u2013 de rendre la l\u00e9gislation applicable aux entreprises qui ne se conforment pas aux nouvelles r\u00e8gles. \u00c0 la suite de ce m\u00eame RGPD, il y aura un \u00ab r\u00e9gulateur de l\u2019IA \u00bb dans chaque \u00c9tat membre pour superviser les r\u00e8gles (et \u00e9ventuellement infliger des amendes). Pour les \u00ab syst\u00e8mes GPAI \u00bb \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, un r\u00e9gulateur europ\u00e9en sera charg\u00e9 de les contr\u00f4ler de mani\u00e8re appropri\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Selon le type d\u2019infraction, les amendes peuvent atteindre un pourcentage du chiffre d\u2019affaires annuel mondial. Ainsi, les amendes pour une violation de la cat\u00e9gorie d\u2019infractions les plus graves, pourront atteindre 35 000 000 euros ou 7 % du chiffre d\u2019affaires annuel mondial.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019exp\u00e9rience du RGPD montre que de telles amendes sont effectivement inflig\u00e9es et que l\u2019UE prend au s\u00e9rieux la protection de ses citoyens.<\/p>\n<h2>Que signifie cette l\u00e9gislation concr\u00e8tement pour les entrepreneurs ?<\/h2>\n<p>Les entrepreneurs devront identifier les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA utilis\u00e9s (sciemment ou non) au sein de leur entreprise (et la cat\u00e9gorie dans laquelle ces syst\u00e8mes entreront dans l\u2019application de l\u2019AI Act). Sur la base de cette analyse, il est possible de d\u00e9terminer quelles r\u00e8gles (internes) doivent \u00eatre introduites, par exemple sur la mani\u00e8re dont les employ\u00e9s doivent utiliser les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA, et quelles formations sont n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, d\u2019ici f\u00e9vrier 2025, les entreprises devront prendre des mesures pour que les employ\u00e9s qui utilisent des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA aient un niveau de connaissances ad\u00e9quat de l\u2019IA.<\/p>\n<p>Nos experts de PKF BOFIDI Legal peuvent bien entendu vous assister et vous guider dans cette d\u00e9marche. N\u2019h\u00e9sitez pas \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/pkfbofidi.com\/fr\/contact\/\">contacter notre \u00e9quipe<\/a> \u00e0 l\u2019adresse info@pkfbofidilegal.com.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La loi europ\u00e9enne sur l&rsquo;IA est en cours d&rsquo;\u00e9laboration et promet de fournir un cadre juridique pour l&rsquo;utilisation des syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;IA en Europe. Dans cet article, vous d\u00e9couvrirez ce que cela signifie pour les entreprises et comment cela r\u00e9glementera l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1168,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[104,228,170],"class_list":["post-4529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","tag-ai-fr","tag-legal-fr-2","tag-pkf-bofidi-legal-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019AI Act \u2013 un R\u00e8glement europ\u00e9en visant \u00e0 encadrer l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019intelligence artificielle | PKF BOFIDI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pkfbofidi.com\/fr\/lai-act-un-reglement-europeen-visant-a-encadrer-lutilisation-de-lintelligence-artificielle\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019AI Act \u2013 un R\u00e8glement europ\u00e9en visant \u00e0 encadrer l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019intelligence artificielle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La loi europ\u00e9enne sur l&#039;IA est en cours d&#039;\u00e9laboration et promet de fournir un cadre juridique pour l&#039;utilisation des syst\u00e8mes d&#039;IA en Europe. 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